Arabica and Robusta, the two most popular types of coffee beans, making up a combined 90% of all coffee production across the globe. Arabica accounts for up 70% of production, while Robusta makes up around 30%. We bet you’ve wondered what the difference is and what this means for your morning coffee break; we’re here to take a closer look: what is the difference between Arabica and Robusta beans?
What are the key differences?
Caffeine content:
One of the most noticeable differences between these two beans is the amount of caffeine they possess. Robusta contains 2.7% caffeine, which is almost twice the amount that Arabica holds at 1.5%. This is because Robusta plants grow at much lower altitudes, exposing them to harsher, warmer conditions and more pests. Robusta has evolved to produce more caffeine - its natural pesticide- to battle against the tougher conditions. The extra caffeine is why Robusta is a hardier plant, more disease-resistant, and evolved to combat pests.
Flavour Profiles:
With all that extra caffeine comes different flavours. The increased defence comes at a cost; Robusta has a far more bitter and intense flavour. It’s often described as earthy and bitter, with some chocolate notes, making Arabica the smoother option with greater complexity of flavours. Robusta also has more chlorogenic acid, which adds to the bitterness but also to its nutritional value. Chlorogenic acid is an antioxidant compound which is known for its antioxidant properties. Arabica contains more oils and natural sugars, often having fruity, floral and nutty notes with sweet hints of chocolate or citrus; it’s the reason Arabica is the most popular choice for speciality coffee.
Price and growing conditions:
Arabica thrives in higher altitudes and is the harder of the two bean varieties to grow. There are far more risks to the plant to take into consideration, which drives the cost of production. Arabica is considerably more sensitive to its environment than Robusta; climate change, droughts and rainfall all impact the yield of the plant. The farming process is more extensive to aid Arabica in its survival and to bring out the bright acidic flavours, making Arabica a more expensive process and plant to care for.
Their origin:
Arabica first originated in Ethiopia, a Sub-Saharan country in Africa, as a social drink and alcohol alternative, dating as far back as 1000BC. Arabica remains one of the country’s largest exports and is viewed as some of the most gourmet coffee around the world.
Robusta was first discovered and grown in the Congo in the 1870s. While Congo was the first, Vietnam is the ongoing largest producer of Robusta coffee in the world. 90% of Vietnam's coffee exports consist of Robusta, so when you drink a Robusta, there’s a high probability it has travelled all the way from Vietnam.
How they're used:
Due to Robusta's higher caffeine content, it has a much stronger flavour profile but is less aromatic, making it a popular choice for espresso blends, in particular Italian-style espressos. Robusta has a stronger crema and, when paired with Arabica, offers espresso the best of both worlds.
Robusta is also commonly used in instant coffee; it's easier to produce and offers a stronger caffeine hit, making it perfect for a quick, instant fix.
Arabica is the more popular, often considered artisanal choice. Arabica boasts more delicate notes and flavour complexity, requiring a different brewing approach. Arabica is perfect for filter coffees and lighter roasts as it preserves its more nuanced flavouring.
Which should you choose?
If you want a strong, bitter caffeine boost and a coffee that pairs well with milk, robusta is the one for you.
If you want to experience a smoother brew with bright, varied flavours, then Arabica is your best choice. All of our coffees at Revolver are made using 100% Arabica, giving your coffee a wide breadth of flavours that reflect their different origins.
The main difference between the two beans is the environment and conditions in which they’re grown; knowing how these impact the flavour will help you make the right decision for your next brew. Arabica vs Robusta? It’s a preference.